The habitats or natural communities that provide migrants with the opportunity to refuel and rest during their journey are commonly known as stopover sites. This is due both to scarce vegetation data availability and to an imprecise knowledge of bird migration paths.
The relation between migration paths and trophic availability en route is particularly difficult to study, since it is difficult to model food availability on the terrain ( Drent, Fox & Stahl, 2006 Ma, Li & Chen, 2005 Moore & Woodrey, 1999 Gyimóthy et al., 2011). Different works studied migration paths and birds features taking into account various parameters ( Chevallier et al., 2010 Vilkov, 2013 Bauer, Ens & Klaassen, 2010). Although migration is increasingly studied, many factors that influence migratory flows and routes still remain unknown or poorly understood ( Bairlein, 2003 Bairlein, 2008). The maps created and distributed along this work can be useful to address more detailed studies about stopover sites as well as the spatial ecology of other fruit eating animals.īird migration is one of the most extraordinary natural phenomena that has always fascinated humans and stimulated researchers curiosity. The highest fruit availability in the study area during September and October co-occurs with the peak of captures of berry eating birds. The presence and coverage of the plant species was modelled with the geo-statistical method of the Gaussian Kernel, which was validated against the ground truth of field sampling data with a correct classification power above 80% in most cases.
Cornus mas new haven ct series#
We created a unique database that contains information on the presence and periods of fructification of 52 wild plants carrying berries and a series of original cartographic themes. This work presents a GIS-database approach that combines spatial and non-spatial ecological information in order to map fruit availability from vegetation over time in the SE Alps, an important node of European migratory routes. Food availability en route is particularly important for many species and can affect their migration success, pattern and timing but this relationship has not been addressed at a wide scale due to the lack of spatial models of food availability on the terrain. The existence of Amersinia and Beringiaphyllum both in Asia and North America, together with their absence or rarity in the Paleogene of Europe, indicates that this plant probably dispersed across Beringia in the late Cretaceous or early Tertiary.Bird migration is a widely studied phenomenon, however many factors that influence migratory flows remain unknown or poorly understood. Although the leaves share more characters with Davidia, the Amersinia fruits share more characters with Camptotheca. Beringiaphyllum leaves and Amersinia fruits are considered likely to represent a single extinct genus because of their shared cornalean affinity and co‐occurrence at numerous sites both in North America and Asia. The fossil leaves are elliptical to ovate with pinnate secondary veins, percurrent tertiary veins, and obtuse teeth. They are distinguished from Viburnum by their long petioles and compare favorably to the leaves of extant Davidia. Fossil leaves previously assigned to “ Viburnum” cupanioides (Newberry) Brown, Viburnum kingiensis Chelebaeva, and Viburnum pseudoantiquum Golovneva are transferred to the extinct foliage genus Beringiaphyllum gen. The infructescences and fruits show many similarities to those of extant Camptotheca, but the extant genus is distinguished by only one or two locules and the absence of infructescence bracts. Each locule bears one seed and has a dorsal germination valve near the apex. has globose to ellipsoid infructescences with four or five basal deciduous bracts and numerous obtrullate, trilocular fruits with epigynous calyces.
A new genus of Cornales is recognized based on infructescences and foliage from the Paleocene of Wyoming, Montana, and North Dakota in the United States southern Alberta, Canada Heilongjiang, northeastern China and Kamchatka and the Koryak Upland, northeastern Russia.